Media Law Case Studies Essay

1. Whether, as a Member of fan tan (MP), the Accuseds right of supernumerary speech in Parliament, given by sections 3 and 8 of the Houses of Parliament (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance No. 15 of 1952 and name 63(2) of the 1957 Federal Constitution, has been validly limited by the sequent amendment make to Article 63 with the asset of Clause (4) by the Constitution (Amendment) answer. 1971 (Act A30).2. Whether the Accuseds right of free speech in Parliament is character reference of the Constitutions radical structure or a fundamental rule of natural justice, thus rendering any supposed amendment of the Constitution quest to limit such right is void and of no effect. 3. Whether the demand for closure of Chinese and Tamil schools in the process of implementing the national language can be legally and constitutionally treated as motioning Article 152(1) and thus, bringing into operation section 3(1) (f) of the Sedition Act 1948 (Revised 1969), despite there not organism a de mand for the abolition of prohibition of the teaching or learning of such languages. Reasoning1. While Sections 3 and 8 of the Houses of Parliament (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance 1952 as well as Article 63(2) of the Constitution grants an MP independence of speech in Parliament without creation held liable to be prosecuted or questi angiotensin-converting enzymed in court, the ulterior addition of Clause 4 in Article 63 states that Clause 2 is not applicable to any person who has committed an offence under Article 10(4) or the Sedition Act 1948. Noting that the Accused is supercharged via the Sedition Act, it is clear that the Accuseds right of free speech in Parliament is limited by Clause 4 of Article 63.2. The Accuseds right of free speech in Parliament is not instrumental in forming the basic structure of the constitution. Thus, it was deemedunnecessary to decide whether or not any amendments made to said Article will destroy the Constitutions basic structure. In additio n, the Accuseds right of free speech is not part of the fundamental rule of natural justice. Therefore, the amendments made to Article 63 the addition of Clause (4) limiting MPs right of free speech in Parliament are valid. 3. It was decided that it would be premature and speculative to answer this question at the present stage. The answer is deemed to be bound up with uncertain facts of the case and any displaceings made would be based on assumptions. commission was advised to forward the submission prepared to the trial Judge, of whom the case was further referred to.HeldThe case was accordingly directed to the learned trial Judge for continuation and disposition in accordance with the aforementioned judgment and otherwise according to law.Title and CitationPublic Prosecutor v. Param Cumaraswamy1986 1 MLJ 518FactsThe accused, Vice President of the occlude Council Param Cumaraswamy, was charged for committing an offence under Section 4(1)(b) of the Sedition Act 1948 (Revised 1969) for uttering seditious words during a press conference at the office of the Selangor and Federal Territory Bar Committee on 24 July 1985. The accused was making an open appeal to the Pardons placard to reconsider the petition of Sim Kie Chon, who was charged under the Internal Security Act for possessing an unlicensed forearm, for the commutation of his death sentence.Issues1. Whether the words uttered by Cumaraswamy can be considered seditious under Section 3 of the Sedition Act. 2. Whether the statement made by Cumaraswamy incited feelings of ill-will and dislike between the different classes of the Malaysian population under Section 3(1)(e) of the Sedition Act. 3. Whether the statement made by Cumaraswamy incited hatred or discourtesy or excited disaffection against the Authority under Section 3(1)(a).Reasoning1. Uttered words can only be considered seditious if they achieve one or more of the instruments specified in Section 3(1) of the Sedition Act. Section 3(1)(d) of the Sedition Act 1948 states that for uttered words to be considered seditious, it must be unresolved of raising discontent or disaffection amongst the volume of Malaysia. The press statement was an open appeal to the Pardons Board urging them to exercise their powers uniformly so that the people would not be made to feel that the Board was discriminatory. It was agreed by the Court that the words which were used were unlikely to create discontent or disaffection neither among the people nor against the Authority i.e. Yang di-Pertuan Agong, any other Rulers of State and the government.2. Section 3(1)(e) of the Sedition Act defines an act with seditious tendency that is capable of promotin feeling of ill-will and hostility between different classes of the population of Malaysia. In one part of the press statement, Cumaraswamy pointed out to the Pardons Board that the people should not be made to feel that the Board was discriminating between the poor, the meek and the unfortunate and the rich, the powerful and the influential. The court agreed that instead of trying to promote ill-will and hostility between the different classes of the population, Cumaraswamy was in fact urging the Board not to create the feeling or impression among the population that the Board was discriminating between the different classes.3. Section 3(1)(a) tell that a seditious tendency is a tendency to bring into hatred or contempt or to excite disaffection against any Ruler or against any Government. It should be noted that Cumaraswamys appeal was directed at the Pardons Board and not at the Ruler i.e. the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Hence, it is clear that the statement did not charter the tendency to bring upon hatred of disaffection against the Ruler.HeldMr. Cumaraswamy was found not guilty of sedition. He was subsequently acquitted and discharged.Title and CitationPublic Prosecutor v. Pung subgenus Chen Choon1994 1 MLJ 566FactsThe accused, Pung Chen Choon, editor of newspaper The Bo rneo Mail, was charged of maliciously publishing false news in The Borneo Mail dated 16 July 1990, stating that Benjamin Basintrol, a priest, had been arrested under the Internal Security Act 1960 (ISA), whereas another priest was on the run from the police and several others were understood to be on the wanted list. He was charged with an offence under Section 8A(1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 (PPPA). He was prosecuted in the Magistrates Court in Kota Kinabalu. A few issues were raised, leading to the case being forwarded to the High Court and subsequently, to the Supreme Court.IssuesThe following issues of law were presented to the Supreme Court for determination 1. Whether Section 8A(1) of PPPA, when read with Section 8A(2), restricts the right to freedom of speech and view granted by Article 10(1)(a) of the Constitution. 2. If so, whether the restriction imposed is one permitted by or under Article 10(2)(a) of the Constitution. 3. Whether Section 8A(1) of PPPA, read with Section 8A(2), is consistent with Article 10(1)(a) and (2)(a) of the Constitution and therefore, valid. 4. Whether Section 8A(2) of PPPA, by presuming that false news by itself is malicious, amounts to pre-censorship and therefore, disregards Article 10(1)(a) and (2) of the Constitution.Reasoning1. The Malaysian Constitution, unlike the First Amendment to the Constitution of the USA, does not directly addresses freedom of press. However, judicial opinion in India regarding Article 19(1) of the Indian Constitution, which grants all citizens the right to freedom of speech and expression, has established that freedom of press is included within its domain. In regards to that, it is clear that Section 8A(1) of the PPPA does restrict the right to freedom of speech and expression granted by Article 10(1)(a) of the Constitution.2 & 3. Although not all false news, as yet if maliciously published, go within the stated restrictions in Article 10(2)(a), it is possible that th e malicious publication of false news could incite acts which jeopardize the internal hostage of the country, undermine Malaysias friendly relations with other countries, lead to disturbance of publicorder, and incite the commission of offences. Hence, it can be said that Section 8A of PPPA falls within the orbit of permitted restrictions in Article 10(2)(a) of the Constitution and is constitutionally valid.4. Section 8A(2) of PPPA is merely a statutory presumption which operates at the trial stage, arising only if the pursuit are able to prove when prosecuting the accused in court that the news published is false. Section 8A(2) is, in no way, equated with pre-censorship, which can only take discover before publication. Moreover, Section 8A(2) does not restrict freedom of press either directly or indirectly. Hence, the answer to Question 4 is no. HeldThe case was forwarded to the magistrate to proceed with the hearing, taking into account the answers to the questions presented, to determine whether the offence charged has been ascertained by the prosecution beyond all reasonable doubt.ReferencesMark Koding v. Public Prosecutor 1982 2 MLJ 120Public Prosecutor v. Param Cumaraswamy 1986 1 MLJ 512Public Prosecutor v. Param Cumaraswamy (No. 2) 1986 1 MLJ 518 Public Prosecutor v. Pung Chen Choon 1994 1 MLJ 566