Vinyl Ester vs Polyester Resins Pros and Cons of Each

For many applications, making the right selection between these resins can affect strength, durability, product life and, of course, cost. They have different chemical compositions and these differences express themselves in their physical properties. Before choosing between them for a particular application, it is important to have a clear idea of what performance is required from the build. Understanding the differences between these resins will help a user to compile the list of critical material performance factors required from the finished article and inform the selection. The Differences Polyester resins are formed by the reaction between polyols such as glycol or ethylene glycol with dibasic acids such as phthalic acid or maleic acid. These unsaturated resins are combined with other chemicals sometimes called hardeners or catalysts. This changes the molecular structure and the resulting compound cures, generating heat in the process. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) is one such hardening agent. Vinyl ester resins are produced by the reaction (esterification) between an epoxy resin and an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. Essentially they comprise a base of polyester resin strengthened with epoxy molecules in the backbone of the molecular chain. Vinyl esters also use peroxides (e.g. MEKP) for hardening. Both resins can be thinned by reaction with chemicals such as styrene. Advantages and Disadvantages On a broad scale of viscosity, vinyl esters are midway between polyesters and epoxy resins, before adding styrene. Thinning effects workability and strength - thinning reduced strength but makes it easier to brush or spray. Vinyl esters are more tolerant of stretching than polyesters. This makes them more able to absorb impact without damage. They are also less likely to show stress cracking. Vinyl ester has fewer open sites in its molecular chain. This makes it much more resistant to water penetration (hydrolysis) which can cause osmotic blistering. Vinyl esters shrink less on curing, which means that pre-release of a laminate from a mold is less significant. Vinyl esters are more tolerant of stretching than polyesters. This makes them more able to absorb impact without damage. They are also less likely to show stress cracking. The cross bonding of vinyl esters is superior to that of polyesters. This means that vinyl esters bond to core materials much more effectively than polyesters and delamination is less of an issue. Vinyl esters are less sensitive to ambient conditions (temperature and humidity) than are polyesters. Vinyl esters are more expensive than polyesters through careful calculations are required to assess the cost impact of a significant build project such as a luxury yacht. This is because the relative strengths need to be factored in - you can use less vinyl ester to achieve a given strength. Both resins are susceptible to chalking - UV breakdown at the surface - unless an additive is incorporated into the mix. Which to use? Despite the superiority of vinyl ester (apart from cost), polyester still has a large part to play in composite fabrications. Where prolonged exposure to water is likely (such as a boat hull or water tank), then by using polyester for the bulk construction with a surface barrier of vinyl ester, water penetration can be reduced considerably without a significant increase in cost. If improved durability and impact resistance is important, then vinyl esters win over polyesters - and again the build can be tailored to use the vinyl esters in those areas with higher impact probability. However, these are relative and other resins or composites may be superior (and more expensive). Common Uses Vinyl esters and polyesters are widely used  and for many similar applications. However where the physical properties of vinyl ester are more important than cost, then vinyl ester takes the lead: Transportation: parts for automobiles and other surface transportation vehiclesBuilding and Infrastructure: fascias for buildings, reinforcements for bridgesMilitary/aerospace applications Conclusion Before making a decision, consider the requirements for durability very carefully, and weigh up the cost. It may be that the extra cost of vinyl ester will be offset by its superior strength and durability. Then again, maybe both will work well in combination with the application.

Whitmans O Captain! My Captain! And Dickinsons Hope is...

Whitmans O Captain! My Captain! And Dickinsons Hope is a Thing with Feathers America experienced profound changes during the mid 1800’s. New technologies and ideas helped the nation grow, while the Civil War ripped the nation apart. During this tumultuous period, two great American writers captured their ideas in poetry. Their poems give us insight into the time period, as well as universal insight about life. Although polar opposites in personality, Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman created similar poetry. Dickinson’s â€Å"Hope is a Thing with Feathers† and Whitman’s â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† share many qualities. Hope is a Thing with Feathers† and â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† contain a similar scansion. Both have a predominantly†¦show more content†¦Along with the irregularities in meter, neither poem has a regular line length or rhyming pattern. Dickinson’s poem contains alternating tetrameters and trimeters, with the exception of the first line, which contains 7 syllables. The poem contains some irregular rhyme; ‘heard’ in line 5 rhymes with ‘bird’ in line 7, and ‘Sea’ in line 10 rhymes with ‘Me’ in line 12. Whitman’s poem contains even more irregular line lengths. The first 4 lines of each stanza vary from 12 to 15 syllables, but the last 4 lines of each stanza vary from 5 to 8 syllables. Unlike in Dickinson’s poem, the rhyming scheme carries throughout the whole poem, although the AABBCDED rhyme pattern contains a few cases of near rhyme. Dickinson and Whitman also use similar poetic devices in Hope is a Thing with Feathers† and â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† Each poem contains an extended metaphor. In Dickinson’s poem, a bird clearly symbolizes hope. The first stanza introduces the bird metaphor: ‘Hope is the thing with feathers--/That perches in the soul.’ The next lines ‘And sings the tune without the words--/And never stops—at all—’ illustrate the interminable nature of the bird and hope. The second stanza expands the metaphor by saying ‘And sweetest—in the Gale—is heard—.’ The bird’s song, or hope, is the sweetest during a Gale, or troubled times. The first lines in the final stanza ‘I’ve heard it in the chillest land--/ And on the strangest Sea’ describe the bird, or hope, as being

Email Spamming an Ethical Issue- Virus Attack - Crashing Email Servers

Question: Discuss about the Email Spamming an Ethical Issue. Answer: Introduction Most of the internet users are naive and they dont understand the risks that are associated with the email spamming. Email spamming is growing and is the biggest problem faced by the internet users now a day. Most of the users can not find any difference between the junk mail and the spams (Al-Alwani, 2015). There are many issues produced by the spam email like unwanted irritation caused to the consumer, cause delay in the important email, Loss for the internet service providers as the consumers switches from their service to find consistent email delivery system, reduction in the performance of the internet service due to loss of bandwidth, theft of identity, increase in the possibility of virus attack, crashing of email servers, loss of economy, etc (Kumar Sharma, 2014). The report discuses about the ethical issues associated with the spamming of email. A proper analysis is done on the spamming of email and discussed in the report based on the theory of ethics. Solution for the governance of spam email is also discussed in the report that would help the consumer to freely use the internet service and reduce the risk of virus attacks. Ethical Analysis of Spam Email Generally the spam emails are sent in bulk to all different users from a source and the sending of spam emails need less computer resource but it consumes a larger bandwidth of the network (Gao, 2015). Thus the user can face a decrease in the internet speed and their regular email would get delayed to reach the destination. The spam emails are defined as the emails that are sent without the consent of the user (Boydell et al., 2014). The spam emails are sent for advertisement, promotion and marketing of company they not considered as illegal activity but still it is an unethical issue. Utilitarianism It is characterized under a class of typical morals that judges the outcome of a move made by a man about the rightness or misleading quality of the behaviour. By applying this hypothesis the result of a work done by an individual can be resolved. Thus from the theory of utilitarianism the ethical analysis on sending of spam email can be judged. The spam emails are sent to more than 100 million emails for the promotion of the product or advertisement. It is analysed that from the emails 1 of 10,000 respond to the email and buy the product (Roberts Allen, 2015). About 90% of the people who buys the product are satisfied with the product and the rest 10 % finds the product useless for them (Singh Thard, 2016). The people who not have any interest in buying the product find the email useless for them and they thinks it is wastage of time and money to read this email they simply deletes the mail from their inbox. The spammers who sent the mails gains lot of money by sending this mails and they continues their work (Drumwright Murphy, 2014). The senders sending the spam email gains from the email even if one person responds to the mail. It costs 100 times less than the junk email and more emails can be sent at a time. It is found that with the spam email service the majority of the people face problem and less number of people gain from it (Johnson et al., 2014). Thus from the theory of utilitarianism it can be concluded that spamming of email are wrong and unethical. Deontology The Deontological ethics decides the rightness of an activity taking into account its consistence with social standards or principles as opposed to results. For instance, it isn't right to slaughter one regardless of the fact that doing as such spares a hundred lives since it isn't right to murder anyone (Zhou, Yao Luo, 2014). Along these lines, judgments about what is great are regularly suspended for judgments about what is correct. As in the case over, regardless of that it is so great to spare the lives of hundreds, it is morally wrong to execute one individual. The problem of email spamming on viewing from the deontological perspective it is found that a small percentage of the client getting the spam email are happy with the service (Johnson et al., 2014). For example they get to know the internet rates the bank is providing for any loan or any ecommerce websites launching a new product, etc. However, the percentage of annoyed user is much more than the satisfied users thus as the rate of spamming rises there would be a rise in the unsatisfied users. If there is an increase in spamming the users may find alternative of email and discontinue the use of email service (Jones, Towse Race, 2015). Assessing spam from this point of view unmistakably delineates a much bigger level of misery, which in understanding to the order of deontology considers such a go about as indecent and untrustworthy. Social Contract The social contract theory is a political philosophy that discusses about the morals and the political obligations based on the contract to form a healthy society. The social contact theory starts at the point of examination of the human behaviour in the present situation (Sarkar Pandey, 2014). There should be a social contract between the client receiving the spam mails and the sender who sends the spam mails. In this condition, people's activities are bound just by their own energy and inner voice. From this mutual beginning stage, social contract scholars try to illustrate, in various ways, why a level-headed individual would intentionally agree to surrender their regular flexibility to get the advantages of political request (Zhou, Yao Luo, 2014). The social contract theory states that there must be agreement that no harm would be caused by one person to other. The spam mails can be sent from different countries and fake emails like winning of lottery, asking for account inform ation for giving discount, etc (Jones, Towse Race, 2015). There must be reliability between two people to act according to the agreement. This contract can be provided by authorities like government to enforce the laws in social environment. The persons under the administration of the government are bound to follow the contract and thus everyone would be safe to each other (Drumwright Murphy, 2014). But the government cannot control the foreign mails and thus the social contract must be implemented to have got rid f the problem. Character Based The spam email send by the spammers can be of two types that is image based or character based. The image based spam emails consume higher bandwidth than the character based Spams (Roberts Allen, 2015). Thus it is unethical for the spammers to send image based spam emails to the users. They should adopt an ethical way for promotion of the service or advertisement for this character based with minimum number of characters in the emails can be used (Zhou, Yao Luo, 2014). The minimum characters used in the mails would consume less bandwidth and thus not affect the internet speed of the user. The character based emails should be sending ethically to the users and there must be an option available to the client to block the emails if they are not interested to receive any spam emails further (Arora, 2012). The introduction of the option of blocking the spam email would be ethical and thus reduce in the consumption of the network bandwidth and the user would get more speed for the delive ry of the general emails sent by the user. The ISPs can add filter to their mail servers and set the character limit of the mail and treat the mail as spam (Ouyang et al., 2014). They can also track the email source and block it permanently such that they cannot reach the destination. The ethical issue regarding the character based email service may arise but it can also be mitigated and less than the issue caused due to spamming of the email. ACS Code of Ethics Under the Australian Computer Society Who should govern spam emails? element is choosen for further discussion. The governance of the spam emails should be done by the government or any other authorities bodies who can control the whole network and the email servers. The email spam is not considered as an illegal activity in most of the countries however some laws must be enacted to control the spamming of the email (Rowe, 2015). The email spamming has increased vastly in the recent days and if it is not controlled it grows on increasing and the customer can face problem when sending an urgent email (Farkas, 2014). They may face a lag in the delivery time and the email servers may even crash due to over loading. The senders of the spam emails gather email address by spoofing and other unethical activities and the user is unaware of the activity (Roy et al., 2013). Virus or malware can be transmitted to the destination computer if the spam email is sent from a virus affected source. The sender can also access the destination computer by implanting malware and spyware through the emails. The sen der can access all the important mails of the destination and thus it is important to apply a code of ethics to the email spamming system to reduce the attack. Thus there is a need for governance and it could be done by the government by implementing new laws or the ISPs implementing filters for the spam emails that would reduce the traffic. The users can also filter their emails according to their needs and not receive any spam email from unknown souce. Conclusion A proper ethical analysis is done on the spam email and it is found that the sending of spam email cause annoyance to the user and thus it is unethical to send emails to the person who gets annoyed receiving it. From the perspective of the consumer it is truly wrong to send spam. It is a direct result of the insignificant truth that there are undesirable messages that occupies the client. Some are even tricked by these messages, giving them the wrong data or problematic items by one means or another. Regardless of the possibility that it is used for the profit of the vender (chiefly encouraging their own particular bliss, in the matter of what the deontology delineates that the best great might be accomplished) still the activity is illicit. Some way or another, it could offer joy to a few, however at last the greater part will endure, in this way making in discontent inescapable. Some mitigation techniques like implementation of the character based email or control of the spam by i mposing rules that limits the spam email. Thus can be concluded that the email spamming is an unethical issue and it should be mitigated by finding new technologies. References Al-Alwani, A. (2015). Improving Email Response in an Email Management System Using Natural Language Processing Based Probabilistic Methods.Journal of Computer Science,11(1), 109. Arora, M. (2012). E-Security Issues.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS TECHNOLOGY,3(2c), 301-308. Boydell, N., Fergie, G., McDaid, L., Hilton, S. (2014). Avoiding pitfalls and realising opportunities: reflecting on issues of sampling and recruitment for online focus groups.International Journal of Qualitative Methods,13(1), 206-223. Drumwright, M. E., Murphy, P. E. (2014). Ethical Issues of Social Marketing and Persuasion.The Handbook of Persuasion and Social Marketing [3 volumes],175. Farkas, B. L. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,667,074. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Gao, Y. (2015). Security Ethics and Economics. Johnson, M. E., Brems, C., Hanson, B. L., Corey, S. L., Eldridge, G. D., Mitchell, K. (2014). Conducting ethical research with correctional populations: Do researchers and IRB members know the federal regulations?.Research ethics,10(1), 6-16. Jones, H., Towse, J., Race, N. (2015). Susceptibility to email fraud: a review of psychological perspectives, data-collection methods, and ethical considerations.International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning,5(3), 13-29. Kumar, S., Sharma, R. R. (2014). An Empirical Analysis of Unsolicited Commercial E-mail.Paradigm,18(1), 1-19. Ouyang, T., Ray, S., Allman, M., Rabinovich, M. (2014). A large-scale empirical analysis of email spam detection through network characteristics in a stand-alone enterprise.Computer Networks,59, 101-121. Roberts, L. D., Allen, P. J. (2015). Exploring ethical issues associated with using online surveys in educational research.Educational Research and Evaluation,21(2), 95-108. Rowe, N. C. (2015). Distinctive ethical challenges of cyberweapons.Chapters, 307-325. Roy, S., Patra, A., Sau, S., Mandal, K., Kunar, S. (2013). An Efficient Spam Filtering Techniques for Email Account.American Journal of Research,2(10). Sarkar, S., Pandey, P. (2014). MONITORING FEEDBACK ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR A HIGH-PERFORMANCE DISTRIBUTED WEB CRAWLER.International Journal of Information Technology Computer Sciences Perspectives,3(2), 1002. Singh, J., Thard, N. (2016). Ethics and Its Importance in E-Marketing-An Empirical Study.International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies,3(5). Zhou, B., Yao, Y., Luo, J. (2014). Cost-sensitive three-way email spam filtering.Journal of Intelligent Information Systems,42(1), 19-45.

The Relevance of European Security Essay Example For Students

The Relevance of European Security Essay The transformation in world politics since the end of the Cold War and the removal of the bipolar East-West schism has led to a state of unpredictable change and, disorder. An increased perception of instability has resulted from the collapse of the Cold War deterrence regime, based on the promise of mutually assured destruction, which provided balance in the international system. The new international order has brought the North-South divide into the forefront, the most clearly defined example being the Euro-Mediterranean division. In response to the North-South disparity Europe launched an unprecedented initiative in attempting to achieve a coherent political and economic entity with the hopes of achieving economic prosperity and peace. As devoted to the EMP as the EU is, it is still necessary to recognize the potential implications of Mediterranean instability for Europe as a whole. Therefore, the issue ultimately remains: Are the current European security structures, consisting o f NATO, the WEU, and the OSCE in fact qualified to take care of collective security with in the Mediterranean. We will write a custom essay on The Relevance of European Security specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It is of the foremost importance to clarify that the Euro-Mediterranean process intends to create an area of political stability and economic prosperity through the establishment of a political-security, economic, and social partnership. The EUs own history demonstrates that the most durable antidotes to instability, much more than security alliances or structures, are interdependence and integration. The Euro-Mediterranean partnership initiative recognizes that achieving a common area of peace and stability goes hand in hand with the creation of shared prosperity as well as the promotion of varying forms of human transaction and exchange. Therefore, the difficult challenge of achieving stability in the Mediterranean will not be a reality in a security vacuum, but in conjunction with a socio-economic agenda as well. Nevertheless, the challenges faced by the EU must include careful coordination with the activities and plans of NATO, the WEU, and the OSCE where the Mediterranean is con cerned. The three present security institutions had initially each reflected an individual and unique purpose with respect to Europe and their roles in providing a collective security in the region. The original mission of NATO was defined by the onset of the Cold War in the aftermath of the Second World War. It was the security of western Europe in relation to a perceived threat from Europes east, but included also, through integration of western forces an element of collective security among members with a tradition of mutual hostility(Fenech pg.157). The American led hierarchy of NATO led to the build up the WEU of which the US was not a member. Initiated by France, the WEU was an attempt to galvanize the European Communitys commitment, formalized in the Maastricht Treaty of European Union, to create its own Common Foreign and Security Policy. The ultimate intention was to achieve greater European integration, extending to the political and security levels. The third contending institutio n is the Organization, formerly Conference, for Security and Co-operation in Europe. The OSCE is an altogether different security structure from either NATO or the WEU. While these are essentially alliances, trying to combine the traditional function of self defense with the adopted role of sponsoring collective security, the OSCE is essentially a collective security organization with a record of bridging the divide between adverse blocs.(Fenech pg157). Specifically, the OSCE was to support the dente process, in attempting to ease East-West tensions. All three of these security institutions mentioned above at their inceptions utilized alternate means to achieve their desired ends of European security. However different these organizations may be, they have commonalities denominators, in which, the third proves qualitatively they are all ill-equipped to confront the security concerns with respect to the Mediterranean. NATO, the WEU, and OSCE claim the legitimacy of their concern stems from the European view that the security problems of the Mediterranean are relevant to the continents own security. All three are inherently Euro-centric institutions, and most importantly, all three are products of the Cold War that focused primarily on the East-West issues. Consequently, the very natures of these institutions are fundamentally different than those of the North-South issues During the Cold War the Euro-American relationship, visvis NATO, was one that maintained the two sides fairly satisfied with their given tasks. Their respective perspectives, one regional and the other global, did not need to clash so long as the Europeans refrained from global roles and the Americans refrained from imposing their views on internal European matters. This ideology fractured with the issue of the Mediterranean. Where the western Europeans saw the Mediterranean as a neighborhood and tried to treat it as such in their own interests, the Americans regarded it as a segment in a bigger, global picture(Fenech 161). American pressure to extend the scope of NATO thus went beyond the aim of extending the front of the contest with the Soviet Union and aimed at making the alliance an instrument of broader western objectives, notably the secure supply of Middle East oil. By the end of the Cold War the United States had proven experienced in utilizing its military and political prowess to help facilitate first world economic objectives. Therefore, the prime protest as to NATOs involvement would be the fear of the powerful American influen ces on decision-making, thereby, limiting the maneuvering capabilities of the EU. Secondly, NATO is first and for most an instrument of collective security and has retained all the components of a military alliance. These qualities have designed and orchestrated to specifically deal with the concerns of Europe, not of the Mediterranean periphery. The Western European Union would be, in fact, a better candidate to assume the security role of the Euro-Mediterranean then NATO.The truly regional nature of the WEU makes it less of an East-West institution, rendering it more of a neutral player with respects to the North-South issue. However, the WEUs campaign of EUROFOR and EUROMAFOR respectively can be seen as an application of Combined Joint Task Forces, a project in which the agendas of NATO and the WEU became closely aligned. The Webs objective here being the defense of southern European Territory and interests, the move represents the perpetuation and consolidation of the time honor ed NATO notion of the Mediterranean as Europes southern flank, that is to say, viewing the sea as the frontier to be defended, rather than to be bridged (Fenech pg.169). The manifestation of the two rapid reaction forces mentioned above are counter productivein the attempts to create a fruitful partnership. .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .postImageUrl , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:hover , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:visited , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:active { border:0!important; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:active , .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314 .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue79135e63df0be06e9ea3b1d3b041314:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Atomic Bomb EssayFinally, the Organization for Security and Organization, in theory, would appear as the most logical response in finding common ground between disparate blocs seeking to forge bilateral relationships in a North-South context. The non-alliance and non-sectarian nature of the OSCE and the organizations prime directive of bridging over troubled waters suggest by including the Mediterranean, strides could be taken.In practice the OSCE is largely a European affair, owing the majority of its objectives to the whims of Russia and the United States. Therefore, the fact that the OSCE has failed to integrate the whole Mediterranean in its process points to the c onclusion that, while what happens in the Mediterranean is the concern of Europeans, Americans and even Russians, what happens in Europe is not the concern of the Mediterranean countries(Fenech pg165)The end of the Cold War ushered in a new and unique world order. The United States had become the worlds true hegomon following a century filled with struggles over the balance of power. Europe may have ceased along the way to direct world affairs, but it continued none the less to be the center of the quest for international stability. As the iron curtain rose a old division stepped into the forfront: The north -south issue. In response, the Euro-Mediterranean partnership was forged attepting to utilize pre-existing institutions to help maintain security. The very nature of NATO, the WEU, and the OSCP remains essentially, in different manners, to protect and consolidate Europes post World War two status quo. In direct contrast the European Union is an ambitious organization relentlessl y devoted towards changeThe WEU Institute for Security Studies organized a seminar on The future of the Euro-Mediterranean security dialogue, on 13-14 January 2000 in Paris. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the possibilities of enhancing the Euro-Mediterranean Partnerships political and security chapter, including the establishment of a military dialogue within the Barcelona Process. The seminar also tried to assess the contribution that WEUs Mediterranean dialogue might provide, in the wake of the acquisition of WEU functions by the EU, and the synergies that will have to be found between the EMPs new security dimension, and NATOs Mediterranean dialogue. The Cologne European Council of June 1999 the EU decided to establish a common security and defense policy (CSDP) to supplement its CFSP, and more specifically to acquire new capabilities for crisis prevention and crisis management. This process was continued at the Helsinki EU Council of 10 December 1999, and will probably be finalized at the end of 2000. The EUs new military scope makes it easier to confer a new military dimension on the various fields covered by CFSP, including the Barcelona Process. This is relevant to EU members, but CSDP may also be of interest to EUs Mediterranean partners for a number of reasons, which equally justifies gradually including some defense and military aspects in the EMP and in the Charter. As far as military dialogue is concerned, in principle, there are two practical ways of incorporating it in the Charters framework. Either military partnership-building measures are included in existing categories of means and mechanisms defined in the Guidelines (for instance, under the heading of preventive diplomacy and crisis-management, or else within the list of general PBMs), or a new specific category is set up. This category may be called security partnership-building measures, or even military partnership-building measures. In any event, implementation of the Charter will undoubtedly depend on political circumstances. Within the framework of the Charter, the definition, planning and execution of concrete measures that are suitable for all the EMP partners will be a complex task. Informal contacts ought to pave the way to more specific negotiations. Concrete measures should be feasible and have a manifest added value for Mediterranean partners. These measures should be conceived and approved of, at least in their general lines, by the Senior Officials of the Barcelona Process. Adequate financial and human resources should be allocated to coordinate those measures. The EU Council Secretariat might be in charge of the coordination of concrete PBMs (even in the field of military dialogue). Another possibility would be to establish a specific office, with some degree of independence, to coordinate these kinds of measures, although this possibility is dependent on the wider decision on whether and to what ext ent the EMP should be institutionalized. .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .postImageUrl , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:hover , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:visited , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:active { border:0!important; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:active , .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6 .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9d6a780c7d8d12f6bf04e3f4e06a52b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cat On A Hot Tin Roof (141 words) EssayBibliography:

Essay on Eastern Sentiments

Essay on Eastern Sentiments Essay on Eastern Sentiments Essay on Eastern SentimentsEastern Sentiments is the book written by Yi T’aejun on his experience as Korean intellectual living in the country occupied by the foreign superpower, Japan, which had taken the tight control over the nation but still Koreans had preserved the opportunity to develop their culture and maintain their traditions, in spite of the occupation. The book involves the broad scope of different aspects of life described by the author. He shifts from the personal experience to national and regional ones describing the life of the nation and East Asian region under Japanese control. In such a way, the book is a valuable primary source of information on the colonial era and the life of Korean people and East Asia under the Japanese rule.   The experience described by Yi contributes to the better understanding of the colonial policy conducted by Japan on occupied territories and how the population of occupied countries responded to the Japanese rule. Yi reveals the colonial perspective on the life of Korean people under the Japanese rule and how the colonialism affected the life of Korean society and culture, individuals and East Asian region at large.The author narrates the story from the perspective of Korean intellectual, who holds the position in the upper-class in Korean society. Yi was the scientists, who dedicated his life to his scientific work, although he was never sure whether it was work at all. At any rate, in his book he clearly states that he does not really view his actions as the work. Nevertheless, he does his best to describe in details his personal experience of Korea in the time of the Japanese colonization. The colonization was the most significant event that can be clearly traced throughout the book, while Yi seems just to record his experience and makes his observations in the anecdotal form. More important, he does not just narrates the story of colonization but, instead, he gives the retrospection to the Korean pa st allowing readers to compare how he and Koreans lived before and during the colonization.At the same time, the author uncovers the position of Korean upper-class under Japanese occupation. As a representative of the upper-class he is not involved in any manual labor. Instead, he dedicates all his life to scientific works and whatever he likes to do, including gardening, cultural studies and performing other activities which are interesting and important for him in person. His lifestyle and activities were the characteristic of the lifestyle of the representative of the upper-class in Korean society. In this regard, the Japanese occupation and colonization of Korea did not have a considerable impact on the lifestyle of the upper-class of Korea. Instead, they led the same lifestyle. The only change the colonial policy had on the upper-class of Korea was the limitation of access of representatives of the class to the political power of the country and the supremacy of Japan that held the full political authority and power over Korea. On transmitting the political power to Japan, Koreans still preserved their economic privileges and cultural autonomy as long as they remained within their community which Yi defines as the interior space of Koreans during the colonization. Naturally, the Japanese got political and economic preferences as the country that occupied and colonized Japan but the Japanese did not eliminated Korean upper-class or changed the balance of power in the Korean society. The upper-class remained in the privileged position, while lower-classes born the major burden of the occupation which though referred to political and economic fields mainly, while cultural effects were dubious since Koreans   had managed to preserve their culture, while Japanese colonists were respected and Japanese cultural norms and traditions were manifested and supported publicly but it was rather showing-off attempts or manifestations of the respect to Japanese culture than the true admiration and acceptance of Japanese culture by Koreans.The book provides the detailed description of the Korean culture focusing on specific issues which are the characteristic of Korean culture, such as calligraphy. For instance, Yi describes calligraphy is one of the major achievements of Korean culture, which though may be unusual for the western audience, but still it helps to understand better Korean culture of that time and reveals the development of cultural traditions of Korea. Yi writes different anecdotal stories which uncover cultural norms and traditions of Korean people which Koreans preserved, regardless of the Japanese occupation and colonization of the country by the foreign power. In such a way, the writer uncovers the power of Korean culture and impact of traditions on the lifestyle of Koreans. In fact, the book shows that Koreans had preserved their cultural identity during the colonization and Japan had failed to ruin or change the cultural ident ity of Koreans.At this point, it is possible to refer to the personal experience of Yi, who apparently regrets about the past of Korea and he feels nostalgic about the past, when the Choson dynasty ruled Korea. His regrets are the result of his position of a scholar, who held the honorable position in the Korean society (Uchida 2011). He was free not to do any manual labor and was a highly respected person. In such a way, he could focus on his scientific research and explorations.   As a representative of Korean intellectual elite, Yi had preserved his cultural identity throughout the occupation and colonial time. He remained Korean all his life and the Japanese occupation had never changed his identity. Therefore, the author implies that other Koreans also had preserved their cultural identity during the colonial time. Such a preservation of the cultural identity of Koreans proves that Japan has proved to be either unable or unwilling to set absolutely new ideology in the coloniz ed territories (Randall188). The author describes the colonial experience of Koreans as the ‘mild’ colonization that may be unusual for western readers, who have the reading experience related to the colonial experience during the Nazi rule in Europe, when Nazi Germany imposed the fascist ideology on occupied territories eliminating any forms of opposition or difference (Uchida 2011). Even though Japan also enhanced fascist ideology, its impact was not overwhelming in Korea and the local population had preserved the cultural identity that was different from that of Japan.The author describes traditions and lifestyle of Korean people focusing on the life of representatives of the upper-class mainly, although he includes the description of other classes too (Wells 4). The theme of the life of a scientist in Korea of the 1930s is one of the main themes of his book. The life of the scientist in Korea was the life of the representative of the upper-class, who was free of the manual labor and had plenty opportunities to conduct his scientific studies as was the case of Yi.At the same time, Yi is not a narrowly nationalist in his writing concerning the socio-cultural environment he lived in. Instead, he has elaborated a broader view on the development of Korean and East Asian culture. In fact, he conducts the exploration of East Asian culture focusing on Chinese poetry, Japanese literature and culture. The broader view on the colonial policy and occupation of East Asian countries by Japan allows revealing the essence of colonial policies of Japan on occupied territories. The author views the colonization not as a mere occupation of Korea by Japan but as a part of the large scale expansionist policy conducted by Japan which was driven by its imperialist ambitions, while fascism served as the ideological ground for the territorial expansion of Japan and occupation of Korea and other countries in East Asia.   In such a way, Yi viewed Korea and Korean cult ure in the context of the East Asian culture. Therefore, he has managed to overcome national boundaries and has had a broader view on Korean culture in the context of East Asian one. Yi has managed to show the cultural development of East Asian countries under the Japanese rule. Yi estimates that other countries also tended to share Korean experience of colonization and Japan conducted similar policies in other countries of the East Asian region.In this regard, the colonial impact of Japan played probably an important part in the development of the worldview of the author because the occupation of Korea by Japan opened new broader perspectives on Korean and East Asian culture. Hence, the Japanese occupation contributed to the broadening of the eyesight of the author. As a result, he viewed the historical and cultural development of East Asia not from the sheer Korean perspective but from the East Asian or universal one.At the same time, the author uncovers the considerable impact of Japanese culture on Korea and population of occupied countries but this impact was basically limited to the political control and economic privileges of Japanese on occupied territories. In addition, the population of occupied territories viewed Japanese culture as mainstream but still they preserved their cultural identity and maintained their cultural norms and traditions.   However, the experience of the life of Korean people under the Japanese occupation reveals a number of noteworthy facts which reveal the substantial difference of Korean occupational experience with that of European countries during World War II, for example.Along with the profound attention to the cultural life of Korean and East Asian society, he focused on the broader scope of his description of social and cultural life of his time. In fact, his narrative is the detailed description of people living in his time, their problems, issues that were important for them. In such a way, his narrative reveals the modernity which Yi describes in details and readers feel the spirit of his epoch and the life of people living in Korea and East Asia in the 1930s.Yi also conducted the study of literature during the 1930s, which also saw the rise of Japanese fascism. The author uncovers the transformation of Japanese literature during the 1930s reveal clearly the trend to the emergence of fascism in Japan. The trend to the rise of faschism in Japan grew stronger along with the aggressive foreign polices of Japan. In such a way, the author gives insights into the essence of colonial policies as impersialist ones, while the occupation and colonization of new territories were justified by the fascist ideology which laid the foundation to expansionist policies of Japan.At the same time, he manifested his opposition to Japan publishing some avant-garde writers, although he had never openly opposed to Japan or criticized it publicly. In such a way, he remain devoted to his Korean cultural norms and trad itions, assisted the development of Korean literature and culture but formally or publicly remained loyal or, at the most, indifferent, to Japan.Social inequality was beneficial for the wealthy, upper class and even the occupation of Korea by Japan did not have absolutely destructive impact on their position (Yi, 185). In such a way, social inequality becomes one of the main themes of his books, which though is not always intentionally presented by the author. On the contrary, the social inequality becomes obvious from the context, as Yi uncovers his own life, as the life of the representative of the upper-class. On conveying his personal experience, Yi shows how different was his life from the life of the average people in Korea as well as other East Asian countries.At the same time, the author pays attention to the theme of the life and work of a scientist in Korean society of his time. He uncovers this theme because it is apparently close to him as a scientist. Being scientist hi mself, Yi shows that he did not suffer the severe oppression during the colonial time. Even though he regrets about the past, he does it just because he regrets about the Korean dynasty which he considered to be better for him because he liked their policies better than Japanese one, although such preferences may be the result of his patriotism rather than the quality and effects of policies conducted by the Japanese (Uchida 2011).However, one of the main themes of the book is the theme of occupation. At this point, it is quite noteworthy to compare the occupation of Korea by Japan and the occupation of western countries. For instance, the occupation of western countries is traditionally depicted as the severe oppression and full suppression of national movements, elite, and cultures. The Japanese occupation was milder than western one judging from the book written by Yi, who depicts the Japanese occupation of Korea as the ‘mild’ occupation compared to western perceptio n of occupation. Yi reveals the fact that, in spite of suppression from the part of Japanese, the local, i.e. Korean, upper-class still maintained its position.At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that Yi distinguishes private and public spaces in colonized countries. Referring to the Korean experience, he insists that colonized nations tend to develop interior spaces, where they maintain their cultural norms and traditions. At the same time, there is the public sphere controlled by colonizer.   More important, there was no direct suppression of Korean culture by Japanese one as was the case of European occupational policies conducted by the Nazi Germany, for instance, which imposed German culture and rules on occupied territories (Wells 17).   In contrast to Japan the Nazi attempted to control all spheres of social life suppressing any manifestation of opposition or devotion to non-Nazi norms and traditions (Wells 17).Furthermore, Yi uses anecdotal essays as a popular form of narration which attracted the audience and made the book interesting for the large audience, including not only those, who are interested in Korea and Asia studies, but also the average readers, who want to explore new horizons and learn more about different countries of the world. In such a way, the author uncovers the impact of the colonization through anecdotal stories which depicted different episodes from the life of Yi and life of other people.Thus, the book Eastern Sentiments by Yi T’aejun reveals the experience of the writer, who depicts his life and the life of Koreans under Japanese occupation. At the same time, the author offers a broad view on the colonial policy of Japan and its impact on East Asian countries. In this regard, the author reveals the fact that Koreans had preserved their cultural identity, in spite of the colonization, but they had to develop dubious models of behavior. On the one hand, they retained their interior space, where they remain ed fully devoted to their Korean traditions, cultural norms and standards. On the other hand, there was the public domain, where Koreans had to manifest their loyalty to the Japanese and Japanese culture. Nevertheless, Korean culture and the upper-class maintained their pre-colonial position mainly, while the colonization had   had the most significant impact on the political and economic life of occupied territories.

E-commerce security and fraud protection Term Paper

E-commerce security and fraud protection - Term Paper Example E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services by via electronic platforms such as the Internet and other computer-based networks (Schneider, 2011). It has grown to be a necessary tool for efficiency in business. However, this platform has been faced with a myriad of challenges with Moftah, Abdullah and Hawedi (2012) indicating that the problems relate to consumers’ protection in their transactions which call for trust and privacy across the different geographical locations. Mohapatra (2013) argues that e-commerce transactions have been constrained by security, with consumers wary of the privacy of their personal information and the use of credit cards to make online purchases. The increased use of mobile devices has even further complicated security provision in e-commerce. Thus, a secured system would be needed to enhance e-commerce growth. E-commerce is online, thus accessible to the general public. The increase in cyber crime has also seen an increase in security threats in e-commerce. According to Mohapatra (2013), amounts reported globally, largely from frauds and hacking in e-commerce, stand at over $ 388 billion per year. As such, e-commerce has suffered the resultant liabilities, loss of trust and additional cost for clean-up. This calls for an effective security systems that would protect consumers and merchants from such losses. According to Schneider (2011), such a system would be pegged on a complex interaction of several database management systems, applications development platforms, network infrastructure and systems software. This encompasses preservation of integrity, confidentiality and availability of computer and data resources, referred to as the security triad. Further to this, there would be need for non-repudiation, access control and privacy. Access Control Approaches The first way in which e-com merce has been secured and protected against fraud is through access control. Physically, access control would involve the restriction of an unauthorized person into a building, property or room. In a similar manner, e-commerce has applied several technologies that control access to Internet resources, including authorization, authentication and audit (Farshchi, Gharib and Ziyaee, 2011). The model in this case entails the subjects, these being entities that could perform an action on the system, and objects, these being entities to which access needs to be controlled. Both of these should be taken as software entities as opposed to human users since a human user would only have an impact on the system through software entities on which they have control. First, user IDs, passwords, biometrics and tokens have been used to authenticate an individual. As observed by Mohapatra (2013), authentication involves what the user knows such as a password, what a user possesses such as a token o r what the user is, such as biometric characteristic. The user ID/password approach verifies a user against a set of ID and password. This has however been noted to be the least secure technique in e-commerce because of the threat of guessing, eavesdropping, external disclosure, host compromise and replay attacks (Schneider, 2011). Thus, user IDs and passwords could be combined with physical tokens, creating a multiple factor authentication so as to

Complete a project based on your choice of an investment portfolio Essay

Complete a project based on your choice of an investment portfolio - Essay Example In addition to this, it helps to identify the risk associated with each of the financial assets. Risk involved in portfolio investment is directly linked with the value. The willingness of an individual make investment or avoid risk is the most important factor for portfolio investment (Reilly & Brown, 2011). The investment portfolio has to be made in such a manner that maximum return can be earned from financial assets. The investment portfolio has been based from Monday 2nd March 2015 to Monday 6th April 2015. The major aim of investment in financial assets is to earn return and maximise profitability. Moreover, portfolio investment is considered to be the safest mean of earning income. The total amount fixed for portfolio investment is  £100,000 (Reilly & Brown, 2011). The paper analyses current market trend and the risk involved with each of the financial assets that has the potential to prevent investments. Apart from risk other factors that have the potential to affect investment in financial assets include the amount invested and the expected length for which an individual holds different financial assets. The time horizon defines the time period between the investment in financial assets and receiving the return from it. The time length is considered to be the crucial factor in portfolio investment, because it directly affects the ability of investors to minimise the overall risk involved. The paper analyses the financial market according to the data of London stock exchange and identifies the assets from which the borrower can achieve maximum return with respect to the risk involved. Investment theory focuses on the process of decision making associated with selecting the appropriate financial assets for investment that in turn has the potential to maximise the overall return earned. Investment theory defines the relation between the risk involved in investment and overall return from the financial assets. Investment in financial